NUS Researchers and Collaborators Report Major Experimental Milestone Towards Building Global Quantum Network

You can't sign up for the quantum internet just yet, but researchers have reported a major experimental milestone towards building a global quantum network – and it's happening in space.

With a network that carries information in the quantum properties of single particles, you can create secure keys for secret messaging and potentially connect powerful quantum computers in the future. But scientists think you will need equipment in space to get global reach.

Researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the University of Strathclyde, UK, have become the first to test in orbit technology for satellite-based quantum network nodes.

They have put a compact device carrying components used in quantum communication and computing into orbit. And it works: the team report first data in a paper published 31 May in Physical Review Applied.

The team's device, dubbed SPEQS, creates and measures pairs of light particles, called photons. Results from space show that SPEQS is making pairs of photons with correlated properties – an indicator of performance.

Team-leader Alexander Ling, a Principal Investigator at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at NUS, says "This is the first time anyone has tested this kind of quantum technology in space."

The team had to be inventive to redesign a delicate, table-top quantum setup to be small and robust enough to fly inside a nanosatellite only the size of a shoebox. The whole satellite weighs just 1.65 kg.

Towards entanglement

Making correlated photons is a precursor to creating entangled photons. Described by Einstein as "spooky action at a distance", entanglement is a connection between quantum particles that lends security to communication and power to computing.

Artur Ekert, CQT's Director, invented the idea of using entangled particles for cryptography. He says "Alex and his team are taking entanglement, literally, to a new level. Their experiments will pave the road to secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computation on a global scale. I am happy to see that Singapore is one of the world leaders in this area."

Local quantum networks already exist. The problem Ling's team aims to solve is a distance limit. Losses limit quantum signals sent through air at ground level or optical fibre to a few hundred kilometres – but we might ultimately use entangled photons beamed from satellites to connect points on opposite sides of the planet. Although photons from satellites still have to travel through the atmosphere, going top-to-bottom is roughly equivalent to going only 10 km at ground level.

The group's first device is a technology pathfinder. It takes photons from a BluRay laser and splits them into two, then measures the pair's properties, all on board the satellite. To do this it contains a laser diode, crystals, mirrors and photon detectors carefully aligned inside an aluminum block. This sits on top of a 10cm by 10cm printed circuit board packed with control electronics.

Through a series of pre-launch tests – and one unfortunate incident – the team became more confident that their design could survive a rocket launch and space conditions. The team had a device in the October 2014 Orbital-3 rocket which exploded on the launch pad. The satellite containing that first device was later found on a beach intact and still in working order.

The CQT team worked with collaborators in the NUS Faculty of Engineering to build a replacement into an NUS satellite called Galassia, which launched 16 December 2015. It completes one revolution 550km above the equator every 90 minutes.

PhD student Rakhitha Chandrasekara says "I froze when I heard the first data file had arrived. I was excited and nervous, but as soon as I decoded the file I could tell the device was working. I gave my team-mate Zhongkan a thumbs up." He could quickly see that the photon pairs made in orbit had the same quality of correlations as the ones the device made before launch.

Future plans

Even with the success of the more recent mission, a global network is still a few milestones away. The team's roadmap calls for a series of launches, with the next space-bound SPEQS slated to produce entangled photons. SPEQS stands for Small Photon-Entangling Quantum System.

With later satellites, the researchers will try sending entangled photons to Earth and to other satellites. The team are working with standard "CubeSat" nanosatellites, which can get relatively cheap rides into space as rocket ballast. Ultimately, completing a global network would mean having a fleet of satellites in orbit and an array of ground stations.

In the meantime, quantum satellites could also carry out fundamental experiments – for example, testing entanglement over distances bigger than Earth-bound scientists can manage. "We are reaching the limits of how precisely we can test quantum theory on Earth," says co-author Daniel Oi at the University of Strathclyde.

This research is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore under its Competitive Research Programme, and by NRF Singapore and the Ministry of Education, Singapore under the Research Centres of Excellence programme. Daniel also acknowledge the Scottish Quantum Information Network and the EU FP7 CONNECT2SEA project "Development of Quantum Technologies for Space Applications".